ATIALL41604

Advanced Technical Information
Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems Operation
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Binder – 4 --- Chassis
Vehicle Type:
All with tire pressure monitoring system
Model Year:
2003 - present
Information:
This bulletin will outline the Tire Pressure Monitoring systems Porsche has used since their
introduction. There are four system hardware configurations that have been used since the introduction of tire pressure monitoring.
A simple block diagram will illustrate each hardware configuration. A vehicle application chart outlining
the versions for that hardware configuration will accompany the diagram.
The following note is applicable for the four system configurations.
NOTE: In the actual values of the tester, the battery life of the wheel electronics can be seen. Checking this information when a vehicle is being serviced can help you alert the customer when the batteries are low and avoid a return visit.
The two summary points below are included here to make it easy to find, and compare, for all
systems.
Whether or not TPMS goes into learning mode is determined by the control unit only, for all
generations of systems.
• Learning mode is only active while driving above 25kph (15 mph)
• Below these vehicle speeds the system is locked. This is done for robustness, to avoid mutual
interference with other vehicles or to avoid learning in parking lots where there is a lot of steel
and unpredictable signal reflections.
• Stop and go traffic will not work for learning. The vehicle needs to keep moving at a speed
higher than the minimums given above, until learning has completed.
The wheel electronics of:
• Generation 1.x always transmit whether driving or standing.
• Generation 2.x transmit based on request by the trigger module.
• Generation 3.x transmit when wheel rotation is detected (latest at a speed above 25kph /
15mph). After 5 Minutes “standstill”, the TPMS wheel electronic will go to sleep.
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1.) TPMS – Generation “1.0” & “1.5” (permanent transmit):
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Tire Pressure Monitoring Generation “1.0” & “1.5”
• Function
• Wheel sensors transmit data at regular intervals via an HF radio frequency signal to each antenna
in the respective wheel well.
• The signal is received by the antenna and sent to the control unit for processing.
• The control unit displays the relevant information in the instrument cluster
• Sensor operation
• The wheel electronics unit is comprised of the following components:
• Pressure sensor
• Temperature sensor
• Battery
• Transmitter, measuring and control electronics
• There are two frequencies for the transmitters.
• 433 MHz is used in the U.S.
• 315 MHz is for areas such as Asia.
• The following information is transmitted by the wheel sensor:
• Individual ID number of sensor (also printed on the sensor body)
• Current tire inflation pressure (absolute pressure)
• Current temperature of air in the tire
• Status of integral battery
• Message information necessary for proper data transmission
• Sensor transmission modes
• During normal driving the sensor takes measurements every 3 seconds and transmits every 54
seconds.
• With a pressure loss of over 2.9 psi (0.2 bar) per minute, the sensor immediately goes into highspeed transmission mode, measuring and transmitting every 0.8 seconds.
• After the vehicle is parked and a specified run-on time, sleep mode is entered.
• Antenna Operation
• The antenna receives the HF radio signals for the TPM control unit.
• In the Cayenne model line the antenna receives the signals for the control unit and does
not process the high frequency signal (the control unit does it).
• In the 997 the antenna receives the signal and processes the high frequency signal into
a digital message that is sent to the control unit.
• NOTE: Refer to the application chart to see which Cayennes and 997 vehicles are
equipped with the 1.0 and 1.5 TPM systems
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• Learning Parameters
• Learning occurs only while driving
• The learning process is divided into three phases
• Recognition of own wheels (which wheels belong to this vehicle)
• Takes approximately 6 minutes of driving
• Can be initiated by selecting a new set of tires in the instrument cluster
• “No monitoring, system is identifying” message is displayed
• TPM warning light is on
• Warning light goes out when the own wheels are recognized
• A loss of pressure and a warning can be displayed at this point
• No specific wheel position is available at this point
• Assigning wheel position (what corner is each wheel located at)
• Can take a maximum of 30 minutes driving
• Determining wheel location allows system to then display pressures in
the instrument cluster
• Differential pressure (temperature compensated) will also be displayed
at this point in time.
• Confirmation phase (has anything changed)
• This phase is primarily for determining if a wheel/tire or sensor change
has occurred without it being selected in the instrument cluster menu.
• NOTE: When a wheel/tire or sensor has been changed, it is necessary
to reselect the tire size in the instrument cluster. The system will
relearn with the new change and it will avoid false warnings.
• Operation and display:
• TPM menu navigation is not possible while driving.
• Once sensors have been learned, it only takes about 2 minutes for tire
pressures to be displayed when the vehicle is started.
• The actual pressure display shows the actual pressure that is in the tire.
It is not compensated for temperature changes.
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• The pressure deviation or filling display shows the temperature compensated pressure deviation (only
visible when vehicle is stationary).
• Only use this screen as a reference when adjusting the pressure in the tire.
• A negative value (“-“) is too low and needs more air pressure.
• A positive value is too high and needs to be reduced.
• The gentle warning screen is used if the pressure has dropped more than 2.9 psi (0.2 bar), but not
more than 5.8 psi (0.4 bar).
• This warning is displayed for 10 seconds after the ignition is switched off and every time the vehicle is started.
• Air pressure should be corrected at next opportunity.
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• The “stern” warning in red text is displayed if the pressure has dropped by more than 5.8 psi
(0.4 bar) or by more than 2.9 psi (0.2 bar) per minute.
• The display appears as soon as the condition exists.
• The driver should stop to inspect the tire in question.
• A speed warning not to exceed 50 mph (80 km/h) in the event of a puncture is also available.
• Selecting the run-flat system in the TPM menu is necessary for this warning to work.
• This is a helpful warning in the event of a puncture, since adherence to it will help
preserve the remaining life of the tire on the wheel.
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2.) TPMS – Generation “2” (trigger based):
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Tire Pressure Monitoring Versions “2.2” – “2.6”
(Hardware configurations 2 & 3)
NOTE: U.S. Law does not allow the system to be turned off.
• Function
• The radio messages from the wheel electronics units are requested by the control unit, as
required, via the trigger units.
• The system detects the vehicle’s own wheels, and the installation position of own wheels, by evaluating the trigger location and performing a statistical evaluation of the wheel electronics
information received.
• Sensor operation
• The wheel electronics unit is comprised of the following components:
• Pressure sensor
• Temperature sensor
• Roll switch
• Battery
• Receiver, transmitter, measuring, and control electronics
• Higher transmission power in the wheel sensor is necessary due to the longer radio link to the
central antenna.
• The roll switch detects whether the wheel is stationary or turning.
• This information is used either to start a triggered learning process for a moving wheel
or to switch off the wheel electronics unit when the wheel has been stationary for a long
time.
• To avoid confusion with 1st generation wheel electronics, the new wheel electronic unit can be
identified by the modified shape of the housing and the small air filter.
• A modified data protocol ensures that the wheel electronics unit will not be detected if installed
incorrectly and this is stored as a fault in the fault memory.
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A
B
C
D
A-1st generation (original), B- 2nd generation (original)
NOTE: The newest Gen.1 – wheel electronic replacement from 2015 has the housing of
the Generation “3” wheel electronic! (In photos below)
7L0.907.275.D
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• The Photo above is the 2nd generation sensor presently available (7PP.907.275.F)
• Trigger Units
• The four triggers, which are located under the wheel housing liners in each of the four wheel
housings, send a 125 kHz signal directly to the wheel electronic units.
• After a wheel sensor is triggered it will transmit the desired information to a central antenna
immediately.
• This means that the antenna always receives only one data protocol and this comes from
the wheel electronics unit that received the request to send.
• This gives the system added protection against cross-talk affecting other antennas.
• Central Antenna
• Configuration 2
• The digital central antenna (reception frequency 315 or 433 MHz) is mounted on the
underbody of the driver’s side of the vehicle about halfway between the front and rear.
• The signals received from the wheel electronics are digitalized in the antenna and
forwarded to the control unit via LIN bus.
• The antenna has a self-diagnosis capability.
• Detected faults will be communicated to the control unit and the fault code will be stored
there for retrieval by the tester.
• Configuration 3
• The central antenna has been moved into the TPM control unit.
• All processing functions of the received signal are now internal to the TPM control unit.
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• Learning Parameters
• Learning can be initiated by selecting a new set of tires in the instrument cluster.
• The system must recognize its own wheels and assign the corresponding positions. The
learning process is only active during the drive.
• When the vehicle is unlocked, the control unit initiates the first 125 kHz signal for each
trigger in the four wheel housings one after the other, starting at the left front in clockwise direction.
• Then, the wheel electronic units are only triggered approx. every 54 seconds while the
vehicle is moving at a speed above 25 kph (15mph).
• Since the range of the trigger units is limited to the relevant wheel housing, any possibility of
cross-talk affecting other wheels is almost totally eliminated.
• Depending on many and varied influences from the immediate environment, such as:
• reflections (wet roads, metallic floors, guide rails, etc.), external interference
(external transmitters)
• Bad positioning of the wheel electronics units with respect to the trigger
and/or central antenna, a trigger signal can fail to reach the related wheel sensor or the feedback data protocol can get lost on its way to the central
antenna.
• The control unit responds immediately by re-triggering the trigger - repeatedly
if necessary - at the wheel position at which the expected protocol has failed to
materialize as soon as the initiated trigger cycle from front left to rear right is
completed.
• This concept reduces system interference and the wheel electronics units are
detected much faster.
• Learning After a Tire Change
• The wheel sensors of a newly mounted set of tires are assigned within one minute – often even
within a few seconds – of selecting the set of tires in the “Tire Pressure” menu and the pressure
values are displayed.
• If a set of tires is not selected in the “Tire Pressure” menu after a tire change, the system will
detect this within a maximum of 3 minutes and the message “Wheel Change?” will appear in the
cluster display.
• Selecting the correct tires in the menu at this point will insure the system is configured
with the correct pressures for the tires.
• Operation and display
• The TPM CU knows which tire set is mounted on the vehicle once the teaching process is complete.
• The tire pressure values are available as soon as the vehicle is started since the trigger cycle
starts immediately, once the door is opened, and the wheel electronics units have sent the
latest data to the control unit.
• The tire pressure main menu screen displays the current pressures.
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• If a spare tire without a wheel sensor is mounted (such as a collapsible spare) the remaining wheel
sensors are still detected and displayed.
• If one or two sensors fail, the remaining sensors are still displayed.
• If a spare tire is mounted with a sensor in it, selecting “Spare Wheel” in the menu will incorporate that
wheel into the monitoring, after a brief learning phase.
• The differential pressure display (temperature compensated) is available when the vehicle is stationary for filling the tires.
• As soon as the information is called up, a fast pressure update is generated over a time span of
15 minutes (maximum).
• This display updates the current information every 10 seconds during the filling process.
• The soft yellow warning alerts the driver to add air to a tire.
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• If the pressure in the tires is reduced for additional traction (for mud or sand) a flat tire message will
appear continuously in the display.
• The hard red warning can be acknowledged by the driver.
• This clears the display so that any other messages and/or information can be shown.
• The TPM light in the instrument cluster remains illuminated until the tire pressure is once again
increased to a normal level.
• Each time the ignition is switched off and on again, the hard warning re-appears as a reminder
and can be acknowledged again by the driver.
• If the pressure in the tires is reduced for additional traction (for mud or sand) a flat tire message
will appear continuously in the display.
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3.) TPMS – Generation “3”:
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Tire Pressure Monitoring “Generation 3.x”
• Function
• TPM-valves with mounted wheel electronics (similar to the TPM Gen 2.6 in 991)
• Wireless data transmission at fixed intervals from the wheel electronics provides the following
data:
• Wheel ID
• Measured tire pressure
• Tire air temperature
• Remaining battery life
• The wheel positions are learned automatically by determining side and axle position.
• For determining which side of the vehicle a wheel is located on • Accelerations sensors in the wheel electronics are used to determine rotation
directions of the individual wheels.
• For determining the axle position • Signal strength is used to determine which axle is closer, and which is farther,
from the antenna.
• The antenna is mounted close to one axle (high signal strength).
• Sensor operation
• The burst mode consists of 25 transmissions @ 2 second interval --> It lasts from the moment
the sensor detects rotation, so get the vehicle above 15 mph (25 kph) quickly, and keep it
there, until learning is complete.
• For a sensor to fall back into "standby mode" (as a precondition for the burst to reoccur when
driving), the car needs to be parked for approx. 5 minutes.
• After the burst mode, there is only one transmission every 30 second, with only one out of 3
transmissions containing the rotational direction. This explains why learning takes longer if the
burst mode was missed originally.
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• In the photo above is the generation 3 sensor (5Q0.907.275.B).
• Learning Parameters
• Vehicle is stationary for at least 5 minutes and clear of other TPM equipped vehicles
• Select the tire type from the TPM menu
• Message “System is learning from 25kph.”
• Drive vehicle continuously above a speed of 25kph (15mph). until pressures display
• Learning time should be less than 2 minutes (ideally).
• (Note: The system learns the wheel electronics only while driving. Periods of time where the vehicle is
standing can increase the learning time considerably.)
• Important differences between TPM Generations 2 & 3
• About 5 minutes after the vehicle has stopped driving, the wheel electronics go into power saving
mode. No new data is sent once this happens.
• The wheel electronics will come out of power saving mode • If the vehicle starts moving again.
• If a change in pressure of more than 1.5 psi (0.1 bar) is detected.
• The wheel electronics will begin to send data after about 2 minutes.
• If the vehicle starts driving again within about 10 minutes of turning off the ignition, all tire pressures
still appear.
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Operation and display:
• Communication with the display instrument via MMI CAN.
• The previous Porsche TPM-control and display concept has been retained as far as possible.
• The instrument cluster displays monitored pressures in the main menu screen.
• For all approved tires the following pressure information is stored in the cluster
• Load (full/partial),
• Mode (comfort/standard)
• It is possible to add tires (Tequipment) in the free position of tire type menu, including
pressures, by using the PIWIS Tester
• Instrument Cluster Menus (2 levels)
• The first level menu shows the tire selection along with boxes to be selected for “Full
Load” and “Comfort” pressure settings
• “Partial Load” is the default, checking the box changes the setting to “Full Load”.
• “Standard” pressure is the default, checking the box changes the setting to “Comfort”.
• The tire pressure main menu screen displays the current pressures.
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• There are two menus on the second level
• The first one allows the tire type to be selected.
• The next one has the filling information screen. This is a temperature compensated target value.
Always fill using this screen.
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Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG is the owner of numerous trademarks, both registered and unregistered, including without limitation the Porsche Crest®, Porsche®, Boxster®, Carrera®, Cayenne®,
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Porsche Cars North America, Inc. believes the specifications to be correct at the time of printing. Specifications, performance standards, standard equipment, options, and otherelements shown are
subject to change without notice. Some options may be unavailable when a car is built. Some vehicles may be shown with non-U.S. equipment. The information contained herein is for internal authorized
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